X and y theory of motivation pdf hbr

Douglas mcgregors theory y fails to explain worker motivation under all circumstances. Motivation is the experience of desire or aversion you want something, or want to avoid or escape something. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. His theory theory y and theory x are theories of human motivation that have been used for human resource management, organizational behaviour and organizational development. As the name would imply, these two common theories stand in opposition to one another on the point of motivation. Oct 26, 2015 douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Understanding theory x and theory y theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. Different types of motivation theories meaning and. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Theory x is the belief that employees are motivated by pay and they need supervision to make sure they get their work done.

Theory x and theory y team management training from. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Theory x and theory y understanding peoples motivations. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable.

Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Dec 27, 2014 although, i have a few concerns with hbr s theory, the three points they add are definitely fundamental and can be thought of defining the human behaviour to a large extent. Find new ideas and classic advice for global leaders from the worlds best business and management experts. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Leadership and motivation 1966 by douglas mcgregor edited by warren bennis is the second leg of this brilliant and wellwritten leadership trilogy. As such, motivation has both an objective aspect a goal or thing you aspire to and an internal or subjective aspect it is you that wants the thing or wants it to go away at minimum, motivation requires the biological substrate for physical sensations of pleasure and pain. Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and y which deals with the motivational factors that.

Understanding management and leadership styles cmi. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. What is motivation motivation university of oklahoma. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings. The contingency theory states that an individuals central need is to achieve a sense of competence. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Erg theory also shows that if the fulfillment of a higherlevel need is subdued, there is an increase in desire for satisfying a lowerlevel need. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation.

Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Douglas mcgregor introduced us to theory x and theory y in his 1960 book. Theory x and y was be to reflected in numerous management applications, and it. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Assumptions forwarded by the theories suggest the managerial style. In 1960, he wrote the book \u201cthe human side of enterprise\u201d, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Abraham maslow first postulated that motivation of. Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Theory x the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.

Theory x and theory y were developed to better understand the concept of management as it relates to humanemployee motivation. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Our article on transformational leadership can also give you tips on how to inspire and motivate your people. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Douglas mcgregor, working in the 1960s, believed that management style was determined by the managers assumptions about human. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an. Managers need to understand the dominant needs of their employees to be able to motivate them. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment.

Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Hbr on motivation and maslows hierarchy thinking aloud. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Acknowledgement is given to both mcgregors theory x and theory y and to maslows. To get to the bottom of these important questions, you can look to the help of theory x and theory y. No one doubts the importance of motivation, but the source of that motivation is the point of great contention in the business world. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. Jul 08, 2017 it is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if the conditions are not going our way. Theory x can benefit a work place that utilizes an assembly line or manual labor.

Theory y assumptions the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation.

Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and y were coined by douglas mcgregor in the late 1960s, says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. The paper also summarised the application of theory x and y in classroom management and also. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregor douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. Organizational behaviour in 21st century theory a for. Douglas mcgregor creator of theory x and theory y as a reaction to f w taylors.

Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. His hygienemotivation theory was first published in the motivation to work. Motivation the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goaldirected behavior. Different types of motivation theories meaning and definition. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The hbr article employee motivation, a powerful new model by nohria. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account.

In his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960, mit business professor, douglas mcgregor, proposed two schools of thought on employee motivation. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Important research by michael kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of theory y and justi.

Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory x managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion. Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Mcclellands theory of acquired needs has important implications for the motivation of employees. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. There are several theories of motivation that are developed to explain the concept of motivation. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. If correlate it with maslows theory, we can say that theory x is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological needs and the. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Professor richard nakamura university of gothenburg school of business, economics and law gothenburg, sweden, june 2015.

Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article. Combined with the professional manager 1967 and the human side of enterprise 1960, the originator of theory x and theory y concept continues his upward march to greater understanding. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Erg theory states that at a given point of time, more than one need may be operational. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. Recent studies show that there is not one best organizational approach, and that the best approach is one fitted to the nature of the work to be done. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory x. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Frederick herzberg the hygiene motivation theory cmi. Though these theories are very basic in nature, they provide a platform for future generations of management theorists and practitioners to understand the changing dynamics of human behavior. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work.